PCM Student

• CHEMOTHERAPY

   The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

• ON THE BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT

  Drugs for a particular type of problem eg. as analgesics-----for pain relieving.

• ON THE BASIS OF DRUG ACTION

  Action of drug on a particular biochemical process.

• ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL ACTION

  Drugs having similar structure .eg- sulpha drugs.
  

• ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR TARGETS

  Drugs interacting with bio molecules as lipids, proteins.

ENZYMES AS DRUG TARGETS

CATALYTIC ACTION OF ENZYMES

• Enzymes have active sites which hold the substrate molecule .it can be attracted by reacting molecules.
• Substrate is bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waal or dipole –dipole interactions.

DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS

Drug enzyme interaction

•   Drug compete with natural substrate for their attachments on the active sites of enzymes .They are called competitive inhibitors.
• Some drugs binds to a different site of the enzyme called allosteric sites which changes the shape of active sites.

• ANTAGONISTS

  The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function.
  
  

• AGONISTS

  Drugs mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.
  

   

• ANTACIDS

  These are compounds which neutralize excess acid of stomach.eg-Aluminium hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide.
  

   

• ANTI HISTAMINES

  The drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamines and prevent the allergic reaction. eg- ranitidine, tegamet, avil.
  

   

• TRANQULIZERS

  The class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, mild or even severe mental diseases. Eg- luminal, seconal, equanil, idardil, iproniazid. 
  

• ANALGESICS

  They reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion or some other disturbance of the nervous system. Eg - aspirin, seridon, phenacetin.
  

ANTIMICROBIALS

• ANTIBIOTICS

  Those are the chemicals substances which are produced by micro-organisms and use to kill the pathogenic micro-organism. Eg- Penicillin , ofloxacin .

NARROW SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS

These are effective mainly against gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Eg- Penicillin , streptomycin.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS
They kill or inhibit a wide range of micro-organisms.
eg- chloramphenicol , tetracycline .

• ANTISEPTICS OR DISINFECTANT

  These are which either kill/inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers etc. eg- furacine, chloroxylenol & terpinol (Dettol) .Disinfectant are applied to inanimate objects such as floors , drainage , system.  Eg- 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution is disinfectant.

• ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS

  These is the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy. They are also called oral contraceptives or birth control pills. Eg-Mifepristone, norethindrone.

• ARTIFICIAL SWEETNING AGENTS

  These are the chemical compounds which give sweetening effect to the food without adding calorie. They are good for diabetic people e.g.- aspartame, saccharin, alitame , sucrolose. 

• FOOD PRESERVATIVES

  -They prevents spoilage of food to microbial growth.eg-salt, sugar, and sodium benzoate.

CLEANSING AGENTS

 

SOAPS

                                                                                                                                                             They are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are obtained by the saponification reaction, when fatty acids are heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

They do not work well in hard water.

• TOILET SOAP

  This is prepared by using better grade of fatty acids and excess of alkali needs to be removed. colour & perfumes are added to make them attractive.

• MEDICATED SOAPS

  Substances of medicinal value are added.eg- Bithional, Dettol.

SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS

They are cleaning agents having properties of soaps, but actually contain no soap .They can used in both soft and hard water .They are

• ANIONIC DETERGENTS

  They are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.eg-sodium lauryl sulphonate. They are effective in acidic solution.
  CH3(CH2) CH2OH → CH3 (CH2)10CH2OSO3H→CH3 (CH2)10CH2SO3-Na+ 
  (laurylalchol)                                                                        (Sodium lauryl sulphonate)
•   CATIONIC DETERGENTS

They are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates , chlorides, or bromides.They are expensive used to limited extent.eg- cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide

 

• NON-IONIC DETERGENTS

They does not contain any ions. Some liquid dishwashing detergents which are of non-ionic type.
 

• BIODEGREDABLE DETERGENTS

  The detergents which are linear and can be attacked by micro-organisms are biodegradable.
  Eg -sodium 4-(1-dodecyl) benzene  sulphonate.

• NON-BIODEGREDABLE DETERGENTS

  The detergents which are branched and cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms are called non-biodegradable.eg-sodium 4-(1,3,5,7 tetramethyloctl)-benzene sulphonate .It creates water pollution.

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Author: Mradul

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